17 Common and Uncommon Signs of Leukemia
Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It can interfere with the body’s ability to fight infections, carry oxygen and clot blood properly. Recognizing the common and uncommon signs of leukemia is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment.
Common Signs of Leukemia
1. Persistent Fatigue and Weakness
One of the most frequently reported symptoms of leukemia is ongoing fatigue. This occurs because leukemia cells crowd out healthy red blood cells, leading to anemia. The lack of oxygen in the body can leave patients feeling exhausted, even after rest.
2. Frequent Infections
Leukemia suppresses the immune system by reducing the number of functional white blood cells, leaving patients vulnerable to infections. These infections are often recurrent, prolonged or resistant to treatment and may include symptoms such as fever, chills or general malaise.
3. Bruising and Bleeding
Easy bruising and prolonged bleeding are hallmark signs of leukemia. A decrease in platelets, which are responsible for blood clotting, can cause excessive bleeding from minor cuts, frequent nosebleeds or heavy menstrual bleeding in women.
4. Swollen Lymph Nodes
Painless swelling in the lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, armpits or groin, is a common symptom. The enlargement occurs due to the accumulation of abnormal white blood cells.
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5. Bone and Joint Pain
Bone pain or tenderness, often in the arms, legs or back, is another frequent complaint among leukemia patients. This happens because leukemia cells accumulate in the bone marrow, increasing pressure within the bones.
6. Pale Skin
Pallor, or unusually pale skin, is a result of anemia caused by leukemia. This symptom is often noticeable on the face, lips and extremities and may be accompanied by feelings of coldness.
7. Unexplained Weight Loss
Many leukemia patients experience significant, unintended weight loss. This can be due to cancer’s impact on metabolism or reduced appetite caused by the disease.
8. Night Sweats
Excessive sweating, particularly at night, is a common symptom. While the exact cause is not well understood, it may be linked to the body’s effort to combat cancer or infections.
9. Shortness of Breath
Anemia caused by leukemia can lead to a lack of oxygen in the blood, resulting in difficulty breathing. This symptom is often noticeable during physical activity but may also occur at rest.
Uncommon Signs of Leukemia
While the above symptoms are widely recognized, some signs of leukemia are less common and may go unnoticed or be attributed to other conditions.
1. Bleeding Gums
Gum bleeding or swelling is an uncommon but notable sign of leukemia. This occurs when leukemia cells infiltrate the gums, causing inflammation and bleeding.
2. Skin Changes
Leukemia can manifest as small red or purple spots on the skin, called petechiae, caused by a low platelet count. Some patients may also develop larger purple patches or rashes.
3. Abdominal Pain or Swelling
Enlargement of the liver or spleen, known as hepatosplenomegaly, can result in abdominal discomfort or a feeling of fullness. This may lead to reduced appetite or difficulty eating large meals.
4. Headaches
Headaches caused by leukemia are often linked to anemia or a lack of oxygen to the brain. In rare cases, leukemia cells can infiltrate the central nervous system, intensifying this symptom.
5. Vision Changes
Blurred vision or sudden changes in eyesight can occur if leukemia cells infiltrate the optic nerves or if anemia reduces oxygen delivery to the eyes.
6. Painful Swelling in the Arms or Legs
Leukemia can lead to blood clots, which may cause swelling and pain, particularly in the extremities. This symptom is uncommon but may indicate complications of the disease.
7. Extreme Sensitivity to Cold
Some leukemia patients report an unusual sensitivity to cold temperatures. This may be due to anemia, which reduces the body’s ability to regulate temperature effectively.
8. Prolonged or Unusual Illnesses
In rare cases, leukemia can present as an uncharacteristic response to illnesses, such as lingering colds or flu-like symptoms that do not resolve with typical treatment.
When to Seek Medical Advice
Whether common or uncommon, persistent or unexplained symptoms should prompt a visit to a healthcare professional. Early detection of leukemia is critical for effective treatment. A thorough evaluation typically includes blood tests, imaging studies and a bone marrow biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.